Manufacture of leavened bread



- of the white flour,

Patented Apr. 6, 1926.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

CHARLES HOFFMAN, or rucmon, NEW YORK, AssIeNoia, BY mnsm: AssIemmn'rs,

TO FLEISGHMANN 00mm, on NEW-YORK, n. Y.

MANUFACTURE OF LEAVENED BREAD,

No Drawin. 1

To all'whom it may concern: Be it known that I", CHARLES I'IO'FFMAN, a citizen of the United States, residing at. Tuckahoe, in the county of Westchester, State of New York, have invented certain new 1 and useful Improvements in the Manufacture .of Leavened Bread; and I do hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, and exact description of will enable others skilled in the art to which it appertains to make and use the same. I

This invention relates to the manufacture of the kind ordinarily wheat bread, and has for texture, flavor and apmaterially in color,

' from ordinary bakers pearance "generally, bread of, the best far greater-nutritive value.

More particularly my invention has for its object the addition to white wheat bread without detrimental eifect to the quality of the bread, of water-soluble B vitamines 1n such form and in such quantities that the bread alone, if eaten daily to the amount of one half pound per day, will supply all the B vitamines necessary to promote normal growth and health.

By my improved process there 1s also added to the bread appreciable quantities of proteins, in which ingredients ordinary white wheat bread is particularly deficient. Also, the proteins added tothebread are of a character to balance the proteins in the white flour. the added composition from material are of a different the proteins in the gluten so that the resulting loaf of bread constitutes a .more complete and properly balanced loaf than can be obtained by the addition of the same quantity of pro-, teins in the form of added gluten.

By my improved process I also add. to the bread a quantity of mineral salts, there by replacing to some extent the mineral matter removed from the Wheat in the bran and other screenings.

In U. 5. Letters Patent .Ndj 1,413,525

there is described an improved leavened bread and method" of. making 'the "same wherein the B' vitamine deficiency is supplied by the additiontothe bread ofextract made from the wheat germ which is the invention, such as quality, but with a I producing That is to say, the proteins of drying may be Applieationflled September 15, 1923'. Serial No. 662,988.

taken out of the wheat in the process of" milling. The bread described in this patent,

is highly satisfactory in all respects, but the process of manufacture of the germ extract used to ,supply the B vit'amines is somewhat involved, requiring a large investment for its economical operation.

By the invention of the present application I utilize the yeast plant as a source for the vitamine B material to be added to the bread, the yeast being prepared for incorporation in the bread by a simple inexpensive procedure which may be expeditiously carried outwith very littleapparatus.

It has heretofore been proposed to add an.

if used ina quantity in excess of the amount required to leaven the bread, has an unfavorable' action, maturing the dough too rapid-- 1y to obtain the right texture, as well as excessive fermentation.

I have found that if the added yeast be processed before its incorp'orationinto the dough batch to render it substantially free excess quantity of yeast to bread in order to incorporate in the bread the added nutri:

from moisture, and to destroy its reproductive and fermenting activity, sufiicien't quantity of the yeast may be added to the dough batch to provide in the bread sufiicient vitamine B for a normal diet,,without unfavorably affecting the quality, flavor or texture of the bread, provided these results are accomplished in such manner that the walls of the individual yeast cells are not ruptured.

In carrying out my process to produce a yeast in this condition, I preferably take the yeast as it comes from the propagating to tanks and dry it in a manner so as not cause therupture of the cell walls. If the space isavailable for the purpose,'this accomplished by simple exposure to air currents suitably controlled as to temperature in shallow trays.

The resulting yeast, 'when sufliciently 4 dried, has its cell walls intact, but for the most part the cells will still" possess reproductive and fermenting activity, andv when added to the dough batch will absorb sufiie cient moisture to become active in the dough,

I thereforeltake the dried yeast from the trays before adding to the dough batch, and

remain inert in the'bread dough.

If the yeast cell is ruptured during the subject itto a pasteurizing or devitalizing action by heating it to a temperature of approximately 170,F. and maintaining that temperature for approximately one half hour, which is sufficient time to renderthe yeast inert in the bread, so far as its functions of fermentation and maturing of the glutenare concerned, Without destroy-ingor impairing its vit'amine content."

The yeast so produced may be conveniently added to the dough batch by sifting in with the flour. By the addition of 5% of the dried yeast. calculated on the weight of the flour, the vitamine B content of. the loaf will be raised to a point such that'the bread alone will supplyall the vitamine B necessary for normal growth and health where the bread form'sapproximately 40% of the total diet. The addition of this quantity of dried yeast to the-bread also raises the protein content of the bread and adds.-

to the mineral salt content, particularly the .calcium salts, in which ordinary white 5 wheat bread is deficient.

of milk. I have found that when the yeast is dried at low sub-atmospheric pressures, the moisture will be extracted from the yeast cells withoutrupturing the cell Walls.

This is probably due to the fact that the moisture is largely extracted from the cells by suction instead of being vaporized in the a cell, and bursting through the cell wall occurs when the drying is effected at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature sufficiently high to drum-dry the yeast at such pressure.

The fermenting and-reproductive activi ties of the yeast may be destroyed during the operation of drying by maintaining the drums at a temperature sufficient for that purpose. I have found that the operation of the drums at about 130 F. and at a speed such that the-material is on 'thedrum from one to two minutes, is sufiicient to destroy the 'activity'of the yeast cells so that they drying or sterilizing process, the yeast can- 7 not be satisfactorily used in the bread. The

chief reason for this is that yeast cells con- 'tain certain ammo-acid compounds which are liberated when the cell walls are ruptured and which'have a deleterious action upon the baking properties of the -flour.. A loafv con taming an appreciable quantity of' yeast which has been dried or otherwise processed by-axmethod which causes a rupture of the "cell walls will be poorly risen and of poor texture. Moreover, the yeast with the ruptured yeast cells imparts to the loaf a bitter composition, as will be obvious.

taste which it is impossible to counteract with other ingredients. J f f It is particularly essential to] avoid j the liberation of amino-acid.- compounds from the yeast cells where the'b'readis made up with large quantities of milk. The aminoacid compounds in the presence of milk develop disagreeable flavors and inhibit the rising of the dough to a much greater extent yeastmay be added as desired, but this pro portion is a good practical one, for the reason that when the bread'furnishes a small percentage of the total daily food supply the larger quantity of other foods consumed is more certain to include vitamin-containing ingredients necessary to make up the total vitamin B requirement. When made with milk solids and other ingredients, as .de-

scribed in the application. of George 'S. lVard, Ser. No. 593,538, filed October 10, 1922, thisdried yea-st product may be added to the bread in lieu of the wheat germ extract described in that'application to make it-a complete article of diet.

To supply the same vitamin content 4,

ounces of the dried yeast is the equivalent of" 5 ounces of the germ extract compound. The bread formula given in'that application should also be modified in other respects when the dried yeast is substituted for the germ extract to compensate for the difierence in For instance, a certain amount of sugar should preferably be used with the dried yeast-to take the place of the sugar content of the germ extract.

The improvement in the nutritive value of the bread effected by the addition of 5% of the dry yeast preparation may be determined by comparison of the following an alyses:

N o'. 1 shows the food value of a one pound loaf of white wheat bread put out by one of the large baking companies and which may be regarded .as typical.

. N0. 2 shows the nutritive value of a loaf made by the same formula with 5% of the flour replaced with my 'dried yeast preparation.

i v Grams. Carbohydrates 231.2 Protein 47.5

r Fats 13.

Salt (NaCl) 6.7 Other mineral salts 3.59

Ordinary breadwhite, wheat breadis practically devoid of vitamines unless made with substantial quantities of milk and is very deficient in' its protein content as u 011 as its mineral salts content. I have not attempted to' indicate by actual figures the vitamin content of the yeast-containing loaf,

for as .yet no accepted method of measuring vitamin-content has been devised. The above analysis, however, shows that the protein and mineral salt values are greatly increased and feeding experiments conducted with the yeast-containing loaf as the sole B-vitamincontaining article of diet has demonstrated that the loaf contains sufficient B-vitamin topromote normal growth and health.

My improved dried yeast compound is partlcularly adapted for use in White bread in that it does not affect the color, flavor or containing a substantial quantity of pasteurized, inactive, dried yeast with the cell walls unruptured.

3. As an article of manufacture, a bread containing yeast in the proportion of substantially 5% calculated on the Weight of the flour, said yeast bein inactive and with,

its cell walls substantial y unruptured.

4. As an article of manufacture, a bread .containing dried yeast in the proportion of 5. As an article of manufacture, a leavened bread containing the usual constituents of such bread and an added amount of water soluble vitamine B inthe form of 6. As an article of manufacture, a leav- I ened bread containing the usual constituents of such bread and an added amount of Water soluble vitamine B in the form of yeast which is substantially free from moisture, without reproductive and fermenting activity and with its cell walls unruptured.

7. As an article of manufacture, a leav ened bread containing the usual constituents of such bread and an added amount ofwater soluble vitamine B in the form of yeast, which has been dried and pasteurized without rupturing the cell walls.

8. As an article of manufacture, a leavened bread containing the usual constituents of such bread and an added amount of water soluble vitamine B inthe form of yeast, which has been'dried and then pasteurized at a temperature of about 170 F. without rupturing the cell walls.

9. As an article of manufacture, a bread containing a substantial quantity of sterilized, inactive yeast with the cell walls unruptured.

10. As an article of manufacture, a bread containing a substantial quantity of steril-.

ized, inactive, dried yeast with the cell walls unruptured.

11. As an article of manufacture, a leav-i ened bread containing the usual constituents of such bread and an added amount of water soluble vitamine B in the form. of yeast, which has been dried and, sterilized with out rupturing the cell walls.

In testimony whereof I aflix my signature.

.- CHARLES HOFFMAN. 

